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掌握SSAT词汇,攻破SSAT考试

美国高中网 www.mggzw.com   2010-10-09

SSAT的verbal和reading题目确实有很多技巧可循,但是如果知道单词的确切含义,题目的相对难度就会下降,正确率和速度都将大幅度提高,使考生成竹在胸。但同时在SSAT中遇见生词是不可避免的。生词有的时候并不会影响得分,比如在阅读中,可以通过上下文来猜测生词的含义。例如:
    Steve had nervous tics that exposed his anxiety at inconvenient times – during an oral report, one or another his appendages might start twitching uncontrollably.
    appendage对于大多数没有复习过词汇的考生来说是一个生词,但是如果能够猜出其意思是"parts of the body ",就能过正确理解句子意思。但是要注意,字典上appendage的主要释义另有其意:不光指身体的部分。下次考试中再遇见appendage的时候,可能就是另外的意思了。
    SSAT考察单词的字典释义,所以只根据以前出现的单词语境来推断单词的含义是非常危险的。另外,单词大都有多重含义,从语境中也不可能推断出其所有含义。所以每当遇见一个新词,我们要让学生做的第一件事情是:让他们从该词的使用方式中猜测其含义,来训练学生猜词的能力;然后,讲解该词语更加全面的字典释义。
    本文主要包括下面内容:SSAT考生学习词汇的方法:中学生由于年龄的特点在学习词汇的时候可以采用的主要方法;同龄的美国考生学习词汇的资料:同样可以被国内考生借鉴;考生应该掌握的有关词汇的最基本的知识:词根和词缀,以及分类和应用举例;根据官方资料出来的常考词汇和特征分析。

一)考生学习词汇的主要方法
    扩展词汇的最佳方法就是进行阅读。一定要先让学生从兴趣开始,比如引导他们从报纸的体育部分或者笑话部分开始。很多中学生喜欢阅读成人的畅销书。这非常好,但是一定要加以指导,因为很多畅销书的词汇水平低于中学生的实际水平。为了学习词汇而进行的阅读一定要辅以翻阅字典。
    零碎的时间里面可以阅读考生自己制作的阅读材料,比如卡片。如果可以上网的话,可以玩一些词汇类的游戏,比如hangman。纵横字谜(crossword)也是激发学生积极性的好方法。一个礼拜中的crossword难度不同,最好让学生从周一开始,以减少挫折感。游戏时同样可以使用字典。
    以上方法最好同时使用,既可以增加知识,又可以从不同的渠道来整合信息。如果从多个侧面接触到一个单词,它就会变成你的日常知识。

二)美国学生学习词汇的资料
    对于美国的学生,由于他们处在英语的语境中,所以可以从身边的阅读中扩充词汇量。比如阅读家长或者年龄稍长孩子的报纸杂志。这些主要包括:

·报纸

"New York Times" (www.nytimes.com),"USA Today"(www.usatoday.com),"Wall Street Journal"(online.wsj.com)

·杂志

"Times" ,"Newsweek" ,"National Geographic" ,"Popular Science"

·书

从有趣的阅读中掌握新词汇是一件快乐的事情。以下列出一些既可以让考生爱不释手,又可以从中学习新词的内容。遇见陌生单词的时候,一定要记录在卡片上,并且同时尽量根据上下文来猜测其含义。

·小说

"Watership Down" (Richard Adams),"The Outsiders" (S. H. Hinton),"Great Expectations" (Charles Dickens),"Pride and Prejudice"(Jane Austen),"Jane Eyre" (Charlotte Bronte),"The Call of the Wild" (Jack London),"The Adventure of Sherlock Holmes"(Sir Arthur Conan Doyle),"To Kill a Mockingbird"(Harper Lee),"Animal Farm"(George Orwell),"The Adventure of Huckleberry Finn"( Mark Twain),"Things Fall Apart" (Chinua Achebe),"I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings" (Maya Angelou)

·科幻

"The Phantom Tollbooth" (Norton Juster),"The Hobbit" (J. R. R. Tolkien),"The Lord of the Rings"  (J. R. R. Tolkien),"I, Robot" (Isaac Asimov),"Fahrenheit 451" (Ray Bradbury),"The War of the Worlds" (H. G. Wells),"Brave New World"  (Aldous Huxley)

·非小说

"Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass" (Frederick Douglass),"The Diary of a Young Girl" (Anne Frank),"The Weight Brothers" (Russell Freedman),"Twenty Years at Hull House" (Jane Addams)

一些专业的词汇书籍和网上资源同样是增加词汇量的好工具。

·书

"Word Power Made Easy" (Norman Lewis),"Word Smart" and "Word Smart II" (Adam Robinson),"Word Smart Junior" and "Word Smart Junior II" (C. L. Brantley)

其中"Word Smart" and "Word Smart II"这两本适用于8-12年级,"Word Smart Junior" and "Word Smart Junior II"这两本适用于6-8年级。

·网站

www.m-w.com,www.wordcentral.com,www.syndicate.com,www.vocabulary.com www.mggzw.com

三)考生应该掌握词汇的基本知识

1.后缀
    后缀可以告诉我们单词的词性。举例:以下SSAT都包含基本的后缀。

-ness       happiness, friendliness

-able       perishable, amiable

-ous        androgynous, fibrous

-ity        animosity, charity

-ology      psychology, sociology

-ical       tyrannical, hypothetical

-archy      monarchy, anarchy, matriarchy

-less       fearless, artless

2.前缀和词根
    前缀在单词的开头,词根可以在单词的任何位置。这两种单词的部分都对记忆单词有很大帮助。比如,考生遇见vociferous,可以思考其中voc这个词根,尽量想出同样含有voc的其它单词。我们知道vocal和说话有关系,自然可以推断出vociferous同样和说话有关系。如果能想象vociferous表示喊叫,那么剩下的意思也可以记住:说话大声并且不连续的。
    注意voc在vociferous和vocal中的发音不同。词根经常会改变发音,很多词根已经出现几百年了。随着时间的推移,不光发音会变化,含义也会变化,所以现在的单词含义已经不是简单的词根累加了。所以词根学习不能取代查字典,只能帮助记忆新词汇并且对词汇进行分组。

考生应该掌握的SSAT后缀,前缀和词根

·后缀

X-able        adjective    “able to be Xed”

X-archy       noun         “rulership by X”

X-ical        adjective    “characterized by X”

X-less        adjective    “without X”

X-ness        noun         “quality of being X”

X-ology       noun         “doctrine or theory of X”

X-ous         adjective    “having the quality of X”

·前缀和词根

a                          without

ab/ abs                    away from, against

ac/ acr                    sharp

ad/ at                     to, toward

am                         to love

amb                        to go, to walk

anim                       life, spirit

ante                       before

anthr/ andr                mankind, man

anti                       against, opposite

apt/ ept                   skill, ability, fit

bell                       war

bene                       good

bi                         two

carn                       flesh

chron                      time

circ/ circum               around

cis                        to cut

cli                        to lean

clu/ clo/ cla              to close, shut

co/ com/ con               with, together

cred                       believe

culp                       blame

cur/ cour                  to run

de                         away from/ the opposite of

dem                        people

derm                       skin

di                         apart, through, away

dic                        to say, to tell

dign/ dain                 worth

dis                        apart, away from, not

dys                        faulty, bad

epi                        upon

equi/ equ                  equal

esce                       to become

eu                         good, pleasing

ex/ ej                     out, put out

extr                       outside, beyond

fac                        to make, to do

fic/ fig                   to make, to do

fid                        faith, trust

gen                        birth, creation, kind

gyn                        woman

her/ hes                   to stick

hetero                     different, other

homo                       same

hyper                      over

hypo                       under

in/ il/ im/ ir             not

in/ en/ im/ em             into

inter                      between, among

intra                      within, inside

loc/ loq/ log              to speak

luc/ lum                   light

magna                      great, big

mal                        bad

man                        hand

mis                        wrong, bad

mit/ mis                   to send

morph                      shape, form

mut                        change

nat/ nas/ nai              to be born

neo/ nov                   new

nom/ nym                   name

ob                         against, in front of, toward

omni                       all, every

pan                        all, everywhere

par                        equal

path                       feeling

phil                       love of

phobe                      fear of

phon                       sound

plac                       to please

pon/ pos                   place, put

port                       to carry

post                       after

pot                        power, ability

pre                        before

pro                        forward, supporting

pun/ pen                   to pay, compensate, punish

re                         again, back

sci                        knowledge, to know

scrib/ script              to write

sed/ sid                   to sit, be still

sequ, secu                 to follow

spec                       to look, appear

sub                        under, less than

super                      over, greater than

tact                       touch

techn                      tools, art, skill

ten                        to hold

tens/ ten                  to stretch

terr                       earth

tract                      to drag, pull, draw

trans                      across

un/ non                    not

uni                        one

us/ ut                     to use

ven/ vent                  to come

vers/ vert                 to turn

vi/ viv                    life

vid/ vis                   to see

voc                        to call

vor                        to eat

·词根和词缀分类举例

Counting

semi/ hemi/ demi          half

mono/ uni                 one

duo/ bi                   two

tri                       three

quad/ quat                four

quint                     five

sext                      six

sept                      seven

oct                       eight

nov                       nine

dec                       ten

cent                      hundred

mill                      thousand

poly                      many

proto                     first

Fear

phobia

·构词举例

acrophobia               fear of heights

pedophobia               fear of children

phonophobia              fear of sound

photophobia              fear of light

pyrophobia               fear of fire

Study

ology

archaeology              study of ancient history

biology                  study of life

cosmology                study of the universe

etymology                study of word origins

genealogy                study of family origins

geology                  study of the earth

graphology               study of handwriting

psychology               study of the mind

seismology               study of earthquake

sociology                study of society

Family Root

pater                    father

mater                    mother

frat                     brother

sor                      sister

gen                      birth

Senses

vis/ vid                 see

tact/ tangi              touch

audi                     hear

son                      sound

patho/ pathy             feelings, suffering

corp                     body

man                      hand

Location

ad                       to

ante                     before

circum                   around

con/ com                 together, with

de                       from, down

in/ il/ im               in, into, on

inter                    between

intro                    within

peri                     around, about

re                       again, back

se                       apart

tele                     distant

trans                    across, beyond

super                    over, above

四)考生应该掌握的SSAT高频词汇
    以下词汇从SSAT样题中选取,从中可以看出SSAT考察的词汇难度。并且这些高频词汇很可能再出现在以后的考题中。给出的释义是已经考察过的。
    参加高级考试考生必须认识以下所有单词,根据含义分组:

·Attempting to be funny

jeer                to make fun of

jest                to joke

parody              a humorous imitation

recreation          something done for him, a hobby or game

skit                a short comic scene

·Let’s get together

adjunct            an accessory, something added on

coalesce           to come together

congeal            to thicken, or change from liquid to solid

consensus          an agreement

contiguous         lying side-by-side

fission            a splitting apart

fusion             a joining together

integrate          to bring together and make whole

juxtapose          to place side by side

pact               a formal agreement between two countries

rendezvous         a meeting, usual secret

·Make it official

abdicate           to give up power

accord             to be in agreement

allege             to declare that something is true without proof

assess             to evaluate or determine the worth of

condone            to forgive or to disregard an offense

conventional       traditional, ordinary

counsel            to advise

debunk             to prove false

decree             an order or command

inquiry            a request for instruction

ratify             to approve, usually a law

sustain            to support

·Hard to handle

ambiguous         unclear

amorphous         without shape

egress            exit

epoch             a period of time

intangible        not able to be touched or sensed

itinerant         nomadic, constantly moving

kinetic           moving

obscure           hidden or dark, hard to see

·polymorphous having many shapes

prolific          fertile, very productive

remote            far away, distant

scull             a small rowboat or an oar for a rowboat

sporadic          having no pattern or order

surrogate         a substitute

variegated        having many parts or colors

writhe            to twist

·The perfect mate

akin              related to or alike

altruistic        doing good for others

amiable           friendly, good-natures

aspirant          someone searching for something

astute            sharp, shrewd

benevolence       goodness

congenial         agreeable

equivalent        equal

extol             to praise

placate           to quiet down, appease

·You don’t want to know this guy

aloof             keeping a distance

animosity         hostility

banal             unoriginal and boring

belligerent       hostile, warlike

browbeat          to intimate

choleric          irritate

debilitating      weakening, harmful

deficient         lacking an essential part

garrulous         overly talkative

·incompetent not able to do something properly

insipid           lacking interest, dull, boring

insolent          disrespectful, rude

irate             enraged

notorious         known widely and unfavorably

ostentatious      showy, pretentious

pedantic          overly scholarly, boring

profane           to abuse or put to ill use

pugnacious        hostile

ravenous          extremely hungry

recalcitrant      disobedient, stubborn

·sanctimonious acting morally superior, holier-than-thou

warlock           a male witch

·A bad scene

abyss             a deep narrow pit

adverse           unfavorable, opposed, going against

aggravate         to make worse

assailable        vulnerable

barrage           a flood

brig              the prison of a ship

corpulent         excessively overweight

founder           to sink

hovel             a shack

impasse           a deadlock, a point at which one can go no further

indictment        the situation of having been charges with a crime

insinuation       a sneaky suggestion of something bad

mar               to spoil, to mark

null              zero value

quiver            a portable container for arrows

plight            a bad situation ,a predicament

repudiate         to put down, to renounce

rue               to regret

ruse              a clever trick

sedate            to clam, especially by using of a drug

slander           a false and mean-spirited statement meant to injure someone

superfluous       more than what is required or needed

·simply perfect

benign            harmless

clarity           clearness

deft              skillful

exquisite         beautifully made or designed

immaculate        perfectly clean, free from dirt or stain

meticulous        careful, paying attention to details

pious             deeply religious

robust            healthy

·Time to make a speech

·illuminate to light up or make clear

imply             to express indirectly

lament            to express grief for, mourn

·reminiscence a memory, the act of recalling the past

·Just under the surface

dormant           temporarily inactive, asleep

eradicate         to erase or get rid of

excavate          to dig up

fundamental       as essential part, basic

innate            possessed at birth, not learned

merge             to blend together

·Hardworking

adept             very skilled

facet             an aspect of something

ingenuity         innovation, creativity

inscribe          to write or etch words on or into a surface

novice            a beginner

procure           to obtain

tenacious         holding firmly, especially to a belief, stubborn

toil              hard work, or to work hard

vend              to sell

vigor             strength, energy

wane              to decrease in size or strength

·Nice attitude

admiring          regarding with approval or respect

ambivalence       having opposing or mixed feelings

analytical        intending to understand the nature of something

biased            favoring one side or opinion over another

brash             bold

cautious          careful

dubious           doubtful

ironic            the use of words to express an unintended or contradictory meaning

jubilant          overly joyful

objective         not influenced by personal opinion, just the facts

sarcastic         the use of witty language used to insult or show displeasure

skeptical         doubtful

somber            overly serious, dark or gloomy

subjective        influenced by personal opinion, biased

temperament       your use mood or behavior

  由此可见,这些词汇在当前国内的GRE和SAT教学中同样是核心重点词汇。ETS把很多研究生入学和大学入学考试的词汇下放到了中考里面。如果一个国内的初中生甚至小学生能够掌握以上词汇,对今后的词汇扩展是大有裨益的。

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