口语第一题：

　　NO.1

　　Talk about an important decision that you have made. Explain in detail why this decision was important to you.

　　NO.2

　　Which one of the following would you like to do on the weekend: stay with your family, go to the gym, or watch TV?

　　NO.3

　　If your friend is dropping out of the college, would you consider it a good thing?

　　NO.4

　　大学收到一大笔钱，问你认为应该花在哪里来改善学生的生活：技术 运动设施，研究

　　NO.5

　　Which of the following Art classes would you be more interested in taking? Wood Sculpture, Painting or Photography?

　　三选一，可以学一样art，选哪样? wood sculpture; painting; 摄影;

　　NO.6

　　你有个哥们要面试了，他问你要ADVICE啊，你觉得他怎么样才能成功哇？

　　NO.7

　　你认为哪个时期是最困难的：童年时期，青少年时期，成年时期？Which period do you think is most difficult: childhood, teenager oradulthood?

　　NO.8

　　Describe your first time to go to school when you were young, you like it or not.

　　NO.9

　　你住的国家面临的问题... 翻译的不知道对不对 原题似乎是" explain your country's problem or OOXX

　　NO.10

　　描述一个你喜欢与之聊天的人。

　　Describe a person whom you would like to talk with often (this person could be one of your close friends, family members or teachers). Explain why you would like to talk with this person and what you would talk about?

　　NO.11

　　What are some important effects of the worldwide availability of Internet on modern people's lives? Use specific details and examples to support your response.

　　NO.12

　　How would you advise somebody who was planning to come to your country to study abroad? Give details and examples to support your response. Begin your response after the beep.

　　NO.13

　　你朋友next semester要上一个很难的math class,他很紧张，问你有没有什么建议给他

　　NO.14

　　版本一：日常生活depend on 比较多的tool, object…

　　版本二：最喜欢的科目是什么

　　NO.15

　　如果有计划来一次旅游,你会选择哪里

　　NO.16

　　Which technology has made the greatest impact on people's lives in your country: airplane，computer or television? Use specific reasons and examples to support your response.

　　NO.17

　　Describe the greatest period of your life and explain why.

　　NO.18

　　Choose a job lawyer, animal doctor, restaurant owner, which on you prefer

　　口语第二题：

　　NO.1

　　Do you like to study alone or with others?

　　NO.2

　　Do you agree or disagree with the statement that it's important for students to study Art and Music in school. Explain your answer in details.

　　NO.3

　　Do you agree or disagree that children should learn to draw or paint

　　NO.4

　　Do you agree or disagree that assignments handed in after the deadline should receive a lower score?

　　NO.5

　　有的大学强制上外语课，有的强制上计算机课。你认为哪个更重要？

　　NO.6

　　选择participate in activities alone or with a team or group.

　　NO.7

　　你同意富人应当帮助穷人这种观点吗？Do you agree that wealthy people should be required to help poor people?

　　NO.8

　　Some people think students should study in classroom. While others believe that they should visit museum and zoo to study. Which one do you like?

　　NO.9

　　Some students prefer to study in a library. Others prefer to study at home or in dormitories. Which way do you prefer and why? Include reasons and details in your response.

　　NO.10

　　你同意参与课堂讨论能使学生学到更多这个观点吗？

　　Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Participating in class discussions makes students learn more. Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.

　　NO.11

　　Some students prefer to go to universities or colleges in their hometown. Others prefer to go to universities or colleges in new cities or towns. Which do you prefer and why? Include details and examples in your explanation.

　　NO.12

　　Do you think that people will read fewer books in the future than they do today? Give details and examples to support your response. Begin your response after the beep.

　　NO.13

　　If you have time, would you choose to learn to play a new musical instrument or learn to play a new sport?

　　NO.14

　　高中毕业后,有些选择直接进入大学深造,有些要take a break, 你会选择哪个, 陈述理由

　　NO.15

　　你是否觉得it is important to study the hist0ry from ancestors

　　NO.16

　　做事是喜欢刚开始就准备还是到了due day才开始准备，原因

　　NO.17

　　Some universities expect students to choose their major when they enter university. Others let students wait until the second or third year. Which do you think is better and why?

　　NO.18

　　Some people believe that it is better for children to grow up in big cities. Others believe that it is better for children to grow up in small towns or rural areas. What is your opinion and why? Use specific reasons and examples to support your response.

　　Some think robots are useful in the future. Some think robots will never be more useful and smarter than human. Which do you agree？

　　口语第三题：

　　NO.1

　　Reading: The univeristy is planning a new writing center to

　　1) help students organize their thoughts in order to get better grades

　　2) foster abilities related to actual jobs

　　Listening: Our plan for the center

　　1) The professors are usually busy and have no time to help students with improving their writing. The new center can do that.

　　2) The center is good for editing student writing and for helping them discover career options in the future.

　　NO.2

　　一学生写信申请图书馆让用手机cellphone，女生反对，理由1:低声说话对方听不见，大声势必noise理由2:急事可以出去打电话，check message

　　NO.3

　　The student proposes the university should open a snack shop on campus that is entirely operated by students because it will help to create jobs for students and be convenient for students to buy food.

　　The man agrees with him.

　　First, it helps students gain the experience of running a business.

　　Second, the current café is far away from the school building. It takes a lot of time to buy a cup of coffee or a sandwich. What's more, it also takes at least 15 minutes to drive to the café.

　　NO.4

　　阅读：停止爵士合唱团，因为感兴趣的人少，没有必要继续了

　　听力：女人觉得真不好。

　　理由一：主要是因为平时训得太勤了，导致很多学生不来了

　　理由二：没有其他选择了，很多是经典，但不是爵士，女人不喜欢，其他学生也不喜欢。

　　NO.5

　　是学生写了一封信提议学校Improve library,集中两个方面，一个是增加可以查书的电脑；另一个是add faculties

　　男生表示很支持。第一很多学生在图书馆发邮件做research, 要排队才能用上电脑look up books.第二 这些faculties都是学生可以增加工作机会。

　　NO.6

　　PETER给学校写信，说，那个DINING HALL前面的草坪因为SPORTS都要光光了，太不美观了吧！快点禁止学生在上面活动吧！禁止也不会有啥不便的哇，想活动去GYM呗。

　　对话：

　　MAN： 你咋看待介问题啊？

　　WOMAN：切，这样做根本木有用处。

　　MAN： 咋咧？

　　WOMAN：这个问题并不主要是SPORTS造成的啊，大家去上课为了节约时间都不走大道走草坪，那当然完了完了滴啦！你说你禁止SPORTS有个啥用。

　　MAN： 你说的也对噢!

　　WOMAN：而且大家活动都是在课间的时候，GYM那么那么远，难得跑呗。

　　MAN： 嗯哦，课间只有 10-15分钟。

　　NO.7

　　A student proposal suggests the university creating a lunge for commuter students.

　　Boy说没必要，因为不只是commuter students，大部分学生的dorm也很远，他们也随身带着所有要用的东西

　　而且commuters学生不用去lunge 看bus schedule什么的，他们可以用电脑上网到 station website获取schedule

　　NO.8

　　Reading: a new cafe near the library.

　　Listening: 男的说好。

　　（1）有了cafe which is just 20 minute's walk，他就可以去图书馆学习，然后花很短的时间吃个饭，再返回去学习了。

　　（2）it is good for ""group project""(原话).图书馆里学习都不能讨论，需要安静，但是在cafe就可以大家讨论。他说有了cafe就可以大家现在图书馆学习，然后meet in the cafe讨论一会儿，然后再back to the lib学习。

　　NO.9

　　【学生写信】

　　学生写信建议学校应该在新生开学之前，给他们future roommate的contact information: email和电话。

　　好处1：可以让新生们早点互相认识，先交朋友。

　　好处2：可以plan到时候带去的东西，以免带重。 【学生态度】：女生赞成。

　　理由1：能让学生在进学校之前就和自己的future roommate联系，这样进学校就不会太生疏，能感觉舒服点儿；

　　理由2：能让学生提前和自己的future roommate商量带什么东西，因为学校的宿舍很小，如果带了很多行李stuff, 就放不下了。举例说自己和室友每人带了个小冰箱，宿舍里放不开，如果先联系，就可以避免类似情况出现。

　　Question: Explain the woman's opinion and why she holds that opinion.

　　NO.10

　　是讲一个学校推出了一个新的annoucement给freshman, Biology department. 说学生一起学习(group study）可以best know the equviment and improve acdemec study, and in addtion, can meet and make new friends.

　　However, in the conversation, the girl said the study group sort of thing doesnt help. Because people have their own way to study, expect thoes who doesnt know how to study. So she prefers to work alone.

　　the second point is that she thinks that if people in the same department, they will have class together, so they eventually will meet each other. So you dont really need to go to the study group.

　　NO.11

　　学校规定大一新生first year students不能在校内用车keep their cars on campus。一个学生给校报信说学校应允许大一新生在校内用车。理由1、大一学生到校外find part-time jobs要用车，没车找工作不方便。理由2、大一学生想家get homesick的时候，周末要开车drive回很远的家探亲。没车回家不方便。

　　女生反对此提议。理由1、大一新生课业负担重have a lot of school work to do，没有额外时间do part-time jobs。如果开车就容易找到工作，if they do part-time jobs, they might not do well in school。理由2、如果大一新生一想家get homesick，they might go home every weekend，他们就没有足够时间与新同学相处，很难适应大学生活learn how to socialize with other people。

　　NO.12

　　是一个学生向学校写信说允许学生在学校停车，原因是不允许学生停车，学生会不方便;学校建设新的停车场解决停车难问题。女生反对，原因：第一，学校外有bus station和taxi station;第二，原有的空地准备建设新的实验室。

　　NO.13

　　一个学生提议要把campus dining hall移到Outdoor去因为可以解决crowded的问题还可以享受lawn上的好天气

　　男生说我against it,这只是一个temporary的problem

　　-因为campus最近的另外一个dining hall在renovating所以才crowded，等几个星期过去装修好了就不会crowded了

　　-很多人在草地上kick soccer ball还Play Frisbee. 男生幽默的说："你在草地上吃饭，说不定一个soccer ball会踢到你的沙拉里。（我听到这就笑了）

　　NO.14

　　文章内容: 学校出公告要建一个housing office for off-campus.

　　对话: 女生同意觉得很好.原因：1)是on-campus的dorm已经overcrowded了.

　　2)是新生不熟悉本地环境.这个office正好帮助他们.问总结女生观点。

　　NO.15

　　阅读：学校决定让新生在入学前提前做一些以后会做的作业, 主要是文学方面的.

　　学校理由1: 学生预先掌握一下写作技巧有助于大学学习, 教授也可以不用在这些基础技能上停留太多时间, 进而传授更多知识

　　学校理由2: 学生预先阅读的一些东西可以成为他们入学后的共同话题,从而促进交流, 广交朋友

　　听力：男生反对理由:

　　1): 大部分学生在假期里面时间比较少, 比如有工作(我理解是实习),所以无法完成这些阅读任务. 而一旦完不成, 开学就要struggle to catch up, 有时不得不rush, 结果就skip文章, 囫囵吞枣

　　2): 新生不会谈论文学, 他们更喜欢聊熟悉有趣的话题,such as some cool places to hang out.

　　NO.16

　　学校准备建一个art building。女生同意，因为可以容纳更多的学生上课，她去年选课就选不上，还有更大的screen看老师show pictures and sculptures可以更清晰。

　　解析：

　　阅读材料：学校要建(build)一个art building。

　　听力材料：女生态度，同意(agree, for…)。

　　理由一：可以容纳(accommodate)更多学生，女生举例去年就因为空间小选课没有选上。

　　理由二：可以有更大的screen，这样看老师show pictures and sculptures可以更清晰(clearer)。

　　按照以上主线将听力材料组织完全即可。

　　NO.17

　　阅读里面说学生建议取消读诗会，因为很少有人参加，而且可以从图书馆借CD来听。听力里女生不同意，因为现在读诗会只会在网站上发通知，如果他们能在教室、图书馆和学生中心还有报纸这些其他形式上也加以通知，肯定会有更多人来。而且参加读诗会和听CD感觉不同，可以make eye contact,use body language,和其他人分享这种经历。

　　NO.18

　　school need the students who study politician science to read the newspaper and new newpaper room will set in the library.

　　the man like the idea, he think read the newapaper can give him a chance to know a lot of thing about the topic of research paper, 可以有效的帮助学生去理解一些大事情，

　　还有，news room good 因为同学能更好的学习，多门天真的孩子啊

　　口语第四题：

　　NO.1

　　Reading:

　　Task partitioning - insects use their own specialized methods to accomplish tasks by dividing the work into separate groups.

　　Listening:

　　The professor gives an example of leaf-cutting ants.

　　Group1: climbs trees and picks up leaves.

　　Group2: cuts the leaves into small pieces, making them easier for transport.

　　Group3: brings the leaves back to the nest.

　　In this example, the groups can finish each of their tasks independently.

　　NO.2

　　Reading partListening part【名词解释】：

　　emotion display（情绪表达规则）:

　　It means the expression of emotion depends on the society in which we are live in.【教授举例】：

　　The professor uses an example of his 4-year-old daughter. She had a birthday party. Prior to the party, parents told her that she should hide her negative emotion when she did not like the gift received. Her grandmother gave her cute clothes as a gift. But the girl did not like it and felt disappointed. Before her negative emotion became too obvious, her mother said the clothes were very cute. The girl suddenly realized that she should say thank you to grandmother and she did that.

　　Question：用听力的例子来解释对这个概念的理解。

　　NO.3

　　讲的有时候文化差异不能融合。例子North Russia和South Russia，南边用马拉扯产奶一堆活动，开始北边也学着用马但是失败了因为太冷了，后来就换了ring deer然后很好的工作。

　　NO.4

　　sociology，一个女教授说不同种群的人会用自己创造的语音来进行对话。

　　举了两个例子；一个是医生们用自己有的专业知识来进行交流，但对病人就要详细说明；一个是一群share experience的人，有过共同经历，只要mention 事情的keyword就能引起共鸣。 summarize一下就可以了。

　　版本2是developmental response就是植物可以调整自己适应环境的改变。教授举了pine trees作为例子。这种树可以长在阴凉地方或者sunny place。长在阴凉地方，SOIL湿，就不需要发达extended roots system去生存。长在阳光好的地方，土地干，需要发达的根系汲取充足的水分。

　　NO.5

　　讲priming，人的thoughts或behavior会受到之前的经历的影响。professor举例，一个女生坐在公车上正想着以前的大学生活，写作业什么的，看到一个陌生男生上车坐下来，在写东西，女生就认为他一定是个学生，正在写作业。而另一个女生刚刚读完一本诗集，所以她认为这个男生是个作家或者诗人。

　　NO.6

　　Reading: tragedy of commons. 给了定义和解释

　　Lecture:教授举了两个例子说明什么是tragedy of commons. 其一是fishing.说当然捕的鱼多，挣的钱多。能accee to oceant的人自然愿意去多fishing。但是一旦overfishing，大家就都finished out with no fish. 其二是grazin. 说一个属于整个viliage的草坪，大家都喜欢把自己的动物带来grazing，草吃完了长起来，大家就带更多的动物来，当然草会被吃光了，然后就overgrazing了。

　　NO.7

　　【讲座主题】motivation research of consumer客户购买东西的动机：是公司为了调查消费者为什么不买他们产品的调查但是有的时候消费者自己也aware不到为什么。问卷调查不能有效反映顾客的motivation

　　【教授举例】教授说了一个例子。一个制衣cloth公司因为运动衣cloth不畅销，所以做了一个调查。他们没有直接问为什么，而是给people杂志和剪刀，让他们剪cut下来认为适合公司产品的图片。顾客剪下来的都是运动员图。所以就反映顾客认为他们的运动衣只适合运动衣，不适合大众。于是后来制衣公司就改进。

　　NO.8

　　Reading part Listening part

　　【课文要点】：

　　personality attribution error:

　　人们总会把错误归结为personality上面，而忽略了一些客观的外部条件。 【教授举例】：

　　教授（男）用自己的例子做了解释。一次他参加一个会议，迟到了十分钟，他很安静的进入会场，没打扰到其他人。在会中教授向演讲者（女）问了一个问题，但是她并没有搭理教授，而且看着有些生气。教授后来了解了情况才意识到，女演讲者在会议开始就说了今天时间紧张，让大家不要提问，下次开会的时候再提问。而女演讲者以为教授故意忽略了她一开始做的说明，她并不知道教授迟到了，没听到她做那个说明。

　　Question: 用听力的例子来解释对这个概念的理解。

　　NO.9

　　READING说的是social responsibility。当公司考虑更多的责任的时候，就可能会有一些经济上的牺牲啦~可是呢，当顾客知道这些牺牲后，又会非常欢乐地来购物啦。

　　lecture里面举了个例子 coffe shop，开始是plastic CUP，不环保 就换成了recycle PAPER 做的

　　后来又推出新措施 让人们可以带自己的杯子啥的 还有DISCOUNT

　　NO.10

　　trial offer。几个月前我看见电视上的一个广告（commercial）在推销stretching machine,在广告里都是一些很健美的男人，有很漂亮的肌肉，并且告诉你使用效果很棒，我看了很动心，但是那个广告只提供了一个购买电话在屏幕上，我对此犹豫不决，因为我不知道这个我没有听说过（unheard of），不熟悉(unfamiliar)的机器究竟是好是坏, 它是不是真的像广告中的那样起作用，因此我没有买。

　　几天后我在另外一个频道中看见了关于这个健身器材的同样的广告，这次不仅有购买电话号码，并且提供一个月的免费试用期，可以先使用后付款，于是我就订购了一台，试用期满后我付款买下了这台健身器。

　　NO.11

　　阅读：讲小孩遇到做事失败后经常frastrate，稍微大点的孩子就会知道如何克服这种不好的情绪，讲家长要怎么怎么帮助孩子去增强抗失落

　　听：举例说自己的孩子玩积木吧盖塔，经常倒。倒了就叫家长帮忙，他每次都去帮忙。但后来发现这样不好，所以他每次都故意晚去一会，几周之后孩子学会了独立完成。

　　NO.12

　　问题：男人说要写一个作业关于poem的，他发现一本好书在图书馆，但他出去玩疯了，忘了在Weds（大概是）借书了，而且他点背，那天图书馆关门早。

　　解决方案

　　1女的说可不可以用别的poem书呢，他就觉得这书好。

　　2另外一个就是，明天早晨早点儿去图书馆，然后快点儿看，因为没啥时间了，必须的他交作业了

　　NO.13

　　advanced crediting 这一概念：老师在学生没有完成某任务之前就鼓励学生们说他们会做这个可以帮助学生最后完成这个任务。

　　听力材料里professor讲述了advanced crediting的一个例子，总是鼓励一开始乱仍糖纸的小孩子是讲卫生，爱干净的孩子，他们到最后就会变得不乱丢糖纸了。

　　NO.14

　　Term: Impact Bias

　　Definition: people have inaccurate expectations of the impact certain event will have on them. Both the intensity and how long it would last

　　Lecture:

　　The professors daughter wanted to apply to this University because her best friends are applying and the University's got a great educational program. She thought he life will be ruined if she didn't get it. It turns out she wasn't accepted. She got very upset about it. But she was busy taking care of her high school graduation and planning her summer vacation. Pretty soon she forgot about her misfortune of being rejected by the school, and move on with her life.

　　NO.15

　　commitment device

　　the professor wanted to run a 10 kilometer race,and planned to get up very early in the morning. But he often went back to sleep after getting up. Then he has a friend who ran with him together so that he was able to run every early in the morning.

　　NO.16

　　阅读讲Nomadic phase指动物的迁徙，主要因为一些生活危机，例如食物枯竭或其他灾难。听力举例蚁群居住在地下，但当新蚁出生后他们就会迁徙，以满足对新生蚂蚁的食物源头。

　　NO.17

　　讲的是货币的形式, 说的是1, 货币是coin and paper bonds. 例子是如果你坐出租车, 你付给driver的是钱.

　　还有一种方式是以物易物, 说一个农夫坐出租车, 他可以给司机他的农产品, 如果司机同意了, 那这个时候农产品就是钱.

　　但是, 政府规定了我们现在使用第一种方式.

　　NO.18

　　promotion risk. 听力举的例子是一个software designer因为工作很好，就升职做了supervisor of xxx department，但是这个人很擅长设计软件，但是不擅长管理，不能在deadline之前完成工作，不能motivate其他员工，但是又不能给他降职，会让他很没面子，因而公司要承担给他升职的风险。

　　解析：

　　阅读材料：中心词是promotion risk，记录下该术语的definition或者explanation

　　听力材料：教授举例。

　　答题：按照阅读笔记复述术语概念，按照听力笔记将该例子复述即可。注意promotion risk与例子之间的联系。

　　口语第五题：

　　NO.1

　　The woman's problem is that she shared a room with others off-campus. Her roommate is too noisy and she cannot do her own things. She is considering moving to another apartment next year.

　　There are two solutions for her. First, she can move back to campus. The university dorm has a policy about keeping quiet during certain hours of the day and it isn't expensive. But there's no kitchen in the dorm and the woman is really into cooking. Second, she can find another apartment near campus. It will be convenient because she has a job in library for 24 hours at a time. But with an apartment, she has the added pressure of paying rent.

　　NO.2

　　Problem:professor要带M attend conference, department can not provide money on transportion only afford hotel fee.

　　solution:

　　1) by air 自己拿钱 but expensive

　　2)take train but very far whole day moreover, miss a crucial class.

　　NO.3

　　【学生困难】：男生的朋友去他寝室玩把他室友的台灯弄坏了。

　　【解决方案】：

　　方案一：把家里一个差不多的拿来。好处：他室友也喜欢的。坏处：俩台灯不一样。

　　方案二：商店里去买个新的。坏处：没有一模一样的了。而且贵。

　　NO.4

　　【学生困难】：男生的朋友送了他一张今天晚上演唱会的门票，演唱会有他最喜欢的band的演出，但是男生有一个history paper明天要交，时间冲突了。

　　【解决方案】：

　　1. 去演唱会，回家再写paper, 但是要熬通宵；

　　2. 不去演唱会，把票给别人。但是这个演唱会N年一次，错过了可能很多年以后才能听到

　　NO.5

　　【1个问题】男生要给一叫Sam的哥们儿送一礼物，因为朋友乔迁之喜，打算在乔迁party上送挑了一个bookcase，因为这哥们儿家里太空了，然后这帮人回去之后发现安装了之后少零件parts missing，这不是坑人么所以就说找店家给我们换，但是店家说要过一段时间才replace 。

　　【解决方案】男生自己给自己两个方案：方案1、换一个，商店暂时没货，要等2weeks才来新货，赶不上house warming。下周六直接送Sam家，再跟说我们送你个礼物不过太扯了，那还送什么啊方案2、买另外一个新的，但是更贵，超出他们预算了。

　　NO.6

　　男生本来约好一个group discussing，是关于一个due on Monday的paper。但是男的父亲周末五十大寿，他想回去celebrate。另一个人就给了个suggestion: 说向group member解释一下，让他们帮着help out。难得觉得说不好吧。男的自己有说要么就Sunday早点回来，然后还能赶上回来discuss。但是又不知道会不会让他家里人disappointment。

　　NO.7

　　男生本来约好一个group discussing，是关于一个due on Monday的paper。但是男的父亲周末五十大寿，他想回去celebrate。另一个人就给了个suggestion: 说向group member解释一下，让他们帮着help out。难得觉得说不好吧。男的自己有说要么就Sunday早点回来，然后还能赶上回来discuss。但是又不知道会不会让他家里人disappointment。

　　NO.8

　　问题：推销服务质量，还有一个叫TESTMONIA(音）professor的朋友想做paint work，但是没有生意，

　　解决方案

　　1.采用了推销服务质量之后，有人说这个人涂东西极好又耐久，后来很多人都来找他。

　　2.另外，他还发了图片对比涂了的和没涂的效果，人们看到了，吸引了广大的潜在客户。

　　NO.9

　　Problem: the man is invited to go to a conference in NYC with the professor he's been working with, but only hotel will be covered, he will have to pay for transportation himself.

　　Solution 1: he can buy a flight ticket and fly to NYC

　　Pro: meet people, opportunity to learn, more time to be prepared for presentation

　　Con: expensive

　　Solution 2: take the train to NYC

　　Pro: save some money

　　Con: train ride takes one day, he will miss an important class

　　NO.10

　　女生要展出的画忘在家里了，但今天晚上就要展出，且她的朋友要来看，所以想今晚取来，但是今晚她又要review physical test, 没时间。第二个解决方案是可以让她妈妈送来，但是妈妈明天才有空送来，今晚她的朋友就要来看。

　　NO.11

　　5. The woman plans to go home during the winterbreak, however the ticket is so expensive and she hasn't boughtone.

　　two solutions: 1. take bus. cheap but 8-hour trip very painful. 2. take 3 am flight. but may interrupt their parents'sleep and inconvenient for them to pick up her.

　　NO.12

　　S5女生刚刚搬家要开暖房聚会，得收拾屋子。但明早她约了朋友去参观博物馆，要耽搁一天，发生了冲突。男生建议可以今晚收拾房间，但女生担心明天逛博物馆会累，或者可以不去博物馆，但女生担心朋友不高兴，而且展览机会难得。

　　NO.13

　　The girl is on her way to buy groceries for the party tonight. She suddenly remembered that there will be a chemistry review session in 10 minutes. Option 1: go to the sessions, but feel bad because she has promised her roommates and they are going to cook. Option 2: leave early at the session to buy groceries. But there's a quiz next week. She's worried that she won't pass.

　　NO.14

　　版本一：男生想去参加一个电影鉴赏会，但是那天晚上他cousin要来，他要和他在餐厅吃饭，给他介绍学校的情况。他有两个选择，女孩说她可以陪他cousin吃饭，介绍学校情况，因为她天天晚上都在餐厅吃饭，男孩说让一个不同的人介绍学校确实好，但是他cousin有些害羞，他有点担心他会感觉不舒服，另外一个办法是不去看电影，以后再看，但是他又非常想参加后面的讨论会。女生让他决定好了告诉她

　　版本二：

　　【Problem】

　　The girl attended the rehearsal of a school play, the rehearsal is time-consuming. She is too busy to take many classes and not doing well in study. She does not know what to do.

　　【Solutions】

　　1. Drop out of play and focus on study.

　　Con: Her major is theater. Attending rehearsal helps her progress. If she quite, it may make trouble for her professor to find someone to replace her and the professor may be angry with her.

　　2. Decrease the number of classes, take it next semester.

　　Con: She has taken the course for 3 weeks and put in so much work in that class. It is a required course. If she drops the class this semester, she has to take it next semester.

　　NO.15

　　首先, 一个男人说, he works in the bookstore in college. His job is to carry heavy box which contains books. However, last week he went to help his friend to move to the new apartment. He injured himself. Doctor said that he cant carry heavy things for a month. So he went back to talk to his boss, his boss offered him a job to be a cashier in bookstore, however, the schedule for cashier only opens in the morning. he has a physic group study at that time. The physic group is important to him coz he improved grade OOXX. so he went to find a dish washer job in cafeteria which fits his schedule. however, if he takes the job in cafeteria, he wont have the discount to buy books in bookstore, which saved him a lot every semester....

　　所以最后他还是没结论...

　　NO.16

　　女生要组织一场舞会organize a school dance，请了个著名乐队band在舞会上演出。但该乐队因当晚有另一场演出show，他们忙不过来they can't play for the dance show，取消canceled了这次演出。

　　女生自己说出两个方案：1、请另外一个乐队来表演find another band。但女生说其它乐队没这个乐队受欢迎enjoy。怕观众可能会不喜欢。2、还是请这个乐队，但延期举办舞会reschedule the dance to next week。但如推迟一周的话，就临近期末考试final exam了。到那时，学生已在忙着准备期末考试了，同学可能没时间来参加舞会了。

　　NO.17

　　男生的band需要找新的场地训练，一个选择是租music studio，但是很贵，第二是music building还是什么，时间上有问题，白天不能练习，晚上也不能练习太晚。。。

　　解析：

　　问题：男生的band需要找新的场地训练。

　　解决一：rent a music studio

　　解决二：practice in the music building

　　答题：陈述问题及两个解决方案之后，可以选择第一个方案，因为在music building里面练习时间很短，并且music studio的费用问题可以很简单地通过成员part-time job来搞定，不用担心经费问题。

　　NO.18

　　The boy was waiting for Greg at the student center to return the sociology book he borrowed for tomorrow's test. But Greg was in the library and forgot. Since the boy got a doctor's appointment and needed to leave campus soon, he had to figure a way to return the book, as Greg might need it for the test.

　　1. The boy can return to campus after a couple of hours and return the book, but Greg might need it before that.

　　2. The girl he was talking to can help him return the book to Greg in the library, but this may require her to walk across campus and back.

　　口语第六题：

　　NO.1

　　Two ways of keeping eggs moist:

　　1）lay the eggs below water. e.g. frogs lay their eggs underwater and let the liquid permeate the eggs to keep them moist

　　2）lay eggs with special protecting structures. eg: snakes eggs have a tough shell structure that helps maintain the moisture

　　NO.2

　　Ecosystem engineering: 动物住在一个地方，这个地方会变得适合其他动物生存。两种方式

　　1、在日常生活中慢慢去做。比如某个海鲜：mussels，在吃水里东西的时候把水过滤干净了。

　　2、在一个群中间位置的时候，形成一个对其他动物有保护的地方。再比如刚才那个海鲜：mussels。他们成群住在海洋地表，他们之间的空隙形成其他动物能够生存的空间。

　　NO.3

　　【讲课要点】：尽管wildfire会给动物造成damage, 但是也可以带来好处。

　　1. 能给动物提供栖息地，比如woodpecker在烧过的树洞里筑巢；

　　2. renew vegetation, 把旧的植物wipe out, 给新的植物生长带来条件，新的植物更nutritious, which are more attractive to deer.

　　NO.4

　　【讲座主题】生物学的。说在一个tropical rainforest里面生活animal都在canopy上飞 tree to tree 动物们为了survive独居，领地侵犯等，进化出两种behavior。

　　【相关例子】第一种是searching food alone, individually因为这个地方的食物很分散，group一起找食物，就会不够吃。各自找会有better chance 找到更多吃的。给了一例子 ：猩猩ape 都自己找食物。

　　第二种是make sounds保护自己的领地。穿过厚厚的叶子树来让别的兄弟知道要不然在树上飞啊飞的就会撞一起然后受伤，给了一个例子：说一种猴子 monkey 他们就大叫，来让不小心进入其领地的动物知道这是他的地盘

　　NO.5

　　说有时候动物吃的东西不是我们想象中的东西，有时候会吃点乱七八糟的东西，比如说earth or soil.他们吃这些东西是有作用的。然后举两个鸟的例子。一个是R鸟，吃soil是为了磨碎食物，这样help digestion, 说因为鸟没有牙吖，所以吃soil可以帮助把大的食物，esp large seeds, 磨成small pieces.另一个是鹦鹉Parrot，吃soil可以nutralize失误中的poison，这样就不会get sick

　　NO.6

　　讲unhatched eggs communication 对他们survival的重要性，一是保证它们同时破壳，不被left behind，二是让他们的妈妈能够发现他们，举了鳄鱼的例子，鳄鱼的卵被heavy mugs cover着，要被他们的妈妈发现才能存活下去。

　　NO.7

　　反正说的是FARMER 怎么给CROPS从土里提供氮养啥的。有俩方法，我只听到一个 - = 具体说那一个我都没听全啊…

　　NO.8

　　是restricted codes,就是same group的人可以用很少的话语就可以让彼此意会。第一方面是SHARE same pro knowledge的人用这个。举了医生例子，医生间用很少的的话就可以解释，但是医生和病人间需要更多细节才能明白。第二个没听见走神了。例子是出去picnic食物被goat吃了，以后大家提起简单地提起goat, picnic就笑，很快就明白意思。

　　NO.9

　　版本1 这个lecture讲了动物储存食物 （hoarding）的两种不同方式

　　1）all food in one location,但是这就要求动物必须能够守住这些食物，用physical prevention 来 defense. 比如Squirrel, 他们会把所有食物都藏带一个地方，但是如果有 birds或者其他都无来抢的时候他们就会把这些掠食者赶走, drive them away

　　2）disperse, divide up food and save in different locations, 但是这要求动物必须记性特别好（good memory）记的食物都放在那些地方了.比如 Rat in desert, 它们把食物藏在hundreds of locations，但是他们记性好，都记得这些locations在哪里

　　版本2 ：心理学--generalizing

　　阅读部分: 在学习语言的过程中，儿童很容易把一个词的意思理解为仅仅是用来表示一个特定的物体（one specific object），随着年龄的增长，儿童能逐渐理解一个单词不仅能用来描述一件物品，而是可以用来表示某一类物品。这种现象叫做归纳（generalizing）。

　　听力部分：教授的儿子三岁时，他有一个玩具火车，爸爸妈妈就教给儿子这个东西叫做"train"。有一天爸妈带着儿子出去玩，途径火车站，爸爸就指着火车说这是"train"，当时儿子就显得非常不理解（upset and confused）。而到儿子四岁时，他就能够正确使用"train"这个词了，并且能明白这个词不仅仅能够表示他的玩具火车，还能用来表示火车站里真正的火车。

　　问：用教授给出的例子解释什么是generalizing。

　　NO.10

　　The professor talks about how animals that doesn't live underwater do to stay under the water. The first way is to reduce movement in order to save oxygen. For example, alligators hunt under water by staying very still, basically no movement. In doing so, it can cut down heart rate, therefore cut down the need for more oxygen. The second way is to minimize the time spent under water. For example, brown pelican dives down to catch fish in the water. It doesn't go to deep, and it has air sacks that open when in the water. That will help the pelican to get back to the surface as fast as possible for oxygen.

　　NO.11

　　The professor talks about two types of suspense in a movie.

　　The first type is that the audience feels interesting to guess the end. For example, two heroes set the same goal, but the audiences have no idea who comes first.

　　The second type is that the audiences know the end but they have no clue how to get to the end. For example, in a love story, the hero and heroine doom to meet in the end, but how they meet each other becomes intriguing.

　　NO.12

　　顾客买东西一般看产品的两种cues，一种是内在的，由产品自身的质?决定，比如果汁好喝所以买，一种是外在的，由产品的外在包装决定，比如果汁的瓶子漂?，并且商标fancy，所以买。

　　In the lecture the professor talks about two cues to judge the qualities of products by consumer. The first clue is the intrinsic cue which means the customers judge the products qualities by their physical characteristic, such as color, texture, sizes. For example, food, customers will think it has good qualities if it has good taste. The opposite cue is the extrinsic cue; the customers don't judge the product quality by physical characteristics. For example, juice, if the bottle of juice is a good looking glass bottle and has good label, consumers think it has good quality. So products are evaluated by external packs but not the taste of the juice itself.

　　NO.13

　　two ways for whales to use sounds to survive in the deep ocean. First, navigate. Hear the refection from objects so that wholes can get right direction. Second obtain food. Since whole are in group, one can call other whales if it find any fish.

　　NO.14

　　教授讲商品product要有utility，顾客才会购买。two types utilities：1、utility of form形态效用：意思是产品要满足人们的特殊需求have features customers need，人们才会买。例：人们要买防寒服winter coats made of fabric material and feather是因为冬天要保暖keep worm、防雨be waterproof。2、utility of place地点效用：意思是要在正确的地点销售产品the product should be at the place where customers need it。例：防寒服winter coats，如果在Alaska where is very cold一定好卖，因为那里的人非常需要防寒服。如果在热带岛屿tropic island就没人买，那里的人根本用不着防寒服。

　　NO.15

　　【讲课要点】：During long distance travel, animals navigate themselves by two ways：

　　方法1、by sight：举例：美国一Ducks（野鸭）fly at night. Stars help them to distinguish their own flying way. They can distinguish different groups of stars.

　　方法2、by smell: For example, Salmons（大马哈鱼）track a unique scent released by plants or something in the river/stream to get to游回它们出生地sites to 产卵lay eggs. Every stream has its unique scent because of the chemicals released by soil and plant.

　　NO.16

　　讲planning的drawbacks

　　-plan excessively, too detailed

　　example: professor去年做了一个很详细的daily plan,安排好她什么时候该备课，写essay，锻炼 etc. 但是她没办法完成，所以觉得很frustrated

　　-有很多干扰，人们会把事情想简单

　　example: professor说自己以前答应过一个朋友帮他看paper, 她本来以外一个周末就可以搞定，但是其实take more time than she expected。她还有去上网查相关的资料，因为她不熟悉这个topic.

　　NO.17

　　讲negative ideation

　　课堂例子

　　教授很喜欢chocolate bar但吃太多不好

　　后来就把它想象成是泥做的来reduce the temptation

　　NO.18

　　讲座讲: 广告商经常利用广告带给观众的emotions 来促进产品销量,

　　第一种方式: Produce positive emotions

　　eg: 一种shampoo 广告, 一个baby 用这种shampoo, 笑得好甜, the smiling face relax the mother 消费者,尤其是妈妈们就将使用这种shampoo和自己宝宝和自己愉快的经历联系起来,进而购买.

　　第二种方式: Produce negative emotions

　　eg: 一个man 的car 在雨天broke down 了, 他没有手机,只好在雨中不行前往公用电话厅打电话求助. 观众自己就会worry about themselves, they don't even want to imagine how terrible the situation is, 然后自己就赶快去买了.